lecture3 Intro (PDF)




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Title: Computers and Flowcharts
Author: Dr. Eng. H. M. Mousa

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MENOUFIA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION

‫جامعة المنوفية‬

First Year (First Semester)

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
LECTURE Three

Dr. Hamdy M. Mousa

Introduction to Computers

Memory Units
• Memory units are the internal storage areas in a
computer.
• The term "memory" identifies data storage that
comes in the form of chips,
• The word "storage" is used for memory that
exists on tapes or disks.
• Memory is usually used as a short form for
physical memory, which refers to the actual
chips capable of holding data.
• Computers also use virtual memory, which
expands physical memory onto a hard disk.

Types of Memory
There are several different types of memory:
– RAM (random-access memory), this is the
same as the main memory
• RAM refers to read and write memory; that is, you
can both write data into RAM and read data from
RAM.

– ROM (read-only memory) which permits you
only to read data.
– Computers almost always contain a small
amount of read-only memory that holds
instructions for starting up the computer.
• ROM cannot be written to.

Types of Memory
• PROM (programmable read-only memory)
PROM is a memory chip on which you can store a
program.
– But once the PROM has been used, you cannot wipe it
clean and use it to store something else. Like ROMs,
PROMs are non-volatile.

• EPROM (erasable programmable read-only
memory) An EPROM is a special type of PROM
that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet
light.
• EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable
read-only memory) An EEPROM is a special
type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it
to an electrical charge.

RAM
• RAM is the most common type of memory found
in computers and other devices, such as printers.
• There are two basic types of RAM:
– Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
– Static RAM (SRAM)
• Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that
they lose their contents when the power is
turned off.

Types of RAM
Various RAM chips have been developed to move data in and out
of memory quicker, to avoid errors, and to make collections of
RAM chips smaller.
Here are the most common types of RAM.
• DRAM (Dynamic random access memory), the most common
type of main RAM.
– “Dynamic” refers to the memory’s method of storage -basically
storing the charge on a capacitor, which leaks the charge over
time and must be refreshed about every thousandth of a second.

• EDO RAM (Extended Data Out random access memory)
Faster than DRAM,
– EDO memory can send data even while receiving instructions
about what data to access next.

• VRAM (Video random access memory) RAM optimized
for video adapters.
– VRAM chips have two ports so that video data - what will be
displayed next - can be written to the chips at the same time the
video adapter continuously reads the memory to refresh the
monitor’s display.

Types of RAM
• SRAM (Static random access memory) RAM that, unlike
DRAM, doesn’t need to have its electrical charges
constantly refreshed.
– SRAM is usually faster than DRAM but more expensive,
• so it is used for the most speed-critical parts of a computer,
such as the cache.

• SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) RAM designed to keep up
with the bus speeds of fast processors,
– SDRAMs are designed with two internal banks of transistors for
storing data. This allows one bank to get ready for access while
the other bank is being accessed.

• SIMM (Single In-line Memory Modules) Memory chips are
put onto a small circuit board with pins along the bottom,
which plugs into a connector on the motherboard.

Types of RAM
• DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Modules) Similar to
SIMMs, DIMMs use memory chips and separate
connector pins on both sides of the circuit board
to increase the amount of memory that can be
plugged into a single connector and to increase
the size of the data path for faster data transfers.


• ECC (Error-Correcting Code) RAM that uses
extra bits to detect errors. Types of memory
such as DRAM, SDRAM, and DIMM may also be
ECC chips.






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