NikaskanSyntax 121515 .pdf
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Syntax
Word Order:
Word order in Nikaskan is subject, object, verb (SOV), but the case system allows for some
freedom for nonconfigurationality. The language tends to be headinitial, and is prodrop. For
example, noun modifiers like adjectives follow the noun that they accompany, but demonstrative
particles always appear before the noun. Adverbs can follow or precede the main verb, and can
take almost any position in a clause; however, in standard speech and prose adverbs usually
follow the verb.
Copulae
:
Nikaskan has a zerocopula construction system for identifying, naming, or describing noun
phrases. The copula subject is always in the nominative case, and in the present tense the copula
predicate is always in the accusative case. For example:
átilon háčár
holenom.sg.in bottomlessacc.sg.in
The hole is bottomless
It should be noted that this zerocopula construction is only used for the purposes listed above.
Constructions of location, position, or accompaniment that would use the English verb
to be
along with any preposition do not function with a zerocopula in Nikaskan. For example, it is not
grammatical to say
átilon jákom
to mean
the hole is in the sand
. In these cases, a separate verb
is used, the equivalents of
to sit, to stand,
or
to lie
.
The future and past tenses also utilize this zerocopula. In the absence of a verb, tense is shown
through the case of the copula predicate. In the future tense, the predicate is in the dative case,
while, in the past tense, it appears in the nominative. In the past tense, when the predicate is an
adjective and the subject is a noun with at least one other adjective already modifying it, the
predicate is fronted to disambiguate. In other situations it follows the subject. For example:
átilon háčáron
the hole was bottomless
šántiton átilon háčáron
the bottomless hole was dark
átilon hačarí
the hole will be bottomless
átilon hačaron šántití
the bottomless hole will be dark
The distal tense does not follow this same pattern of syntactical constructions. In the distal tense,
and
only
in the distal tense, there is a verb copula used for describing, identifying, naming, or
attribution. This distal copula is the most irregular verb in Nikaskan, and its forms are:
Singular
Plural
1st Person
nol
makrá
2nd Person
nas
nektá
3rd Person
Animate
eprá
eppais
3rd Person
Inanimate
eppú
eppútá
Nol
acts as a transitive verb, meaning the subject is marked nominative and the predicate is
marked accusative. The verb also breaks regularity by always preceding the copula predicate.
This is the only time that Nikaskan syntax requires SVO word order. For example:
úkkepám eprá abrákit
sunnom.sg.an be.3s.an.dist brightacc.sg.an
The sun was bright long ago
/
The sun will be bright in the distant future


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