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LIfe Science Summarised Guide Notes 100%

Metaphase 1 Whole chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles in Anaphase 1 Chromosome number is halved during meiosis I Results in two cells Meiosis II Chromosomes single stranded No crossing-over Chromosomes in individuals at equator:

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/02/20/life-science-summarised-guide-notes/

20/02/2016 www.pdf-archive.com

Genetic architecture 99%

Genes The Pre-organic or Master Chromosome Fig.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/10/14/genetic-architecture/

14/10/2016 www.pdf-archive.com

Solving the Energy Efficient Coverage Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks - A Distributed Genetic Algorithm Approach with Hierarchical Fitness Evaluation 97%

Secondly, when we evaluate a chromosome, different from the traditional model of EEC problem in WSN that only calculates the number of disjoint sets, we proposed a hierarchical fitness evaluation and constructed a two-level fitness function to count the number of disjoint sets and the coverage performance of all the disjoint sets.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2018/12/22/untitled-pdf-document-38/

22/12/2018 www.pdf-archive.com

larmuseau2013 Copy 96%

Many Y-chromosomal lineages which are deﬁned in the latest phylogenetic tree of the human Y chromosome by the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) in 2008 are distributed in (Western) Europe due to the fact that a large number of phylogeographic studies focus on this area.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2017/05/13/larmuseau2013-copy/

13/05/2017 www.pdf-archive.com

lec4 95%

Eukaryote Genetics Prokaryotes are haploid, and they contain a single circular chromosome.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/11/16/lec4/

16/11/2016 www.pdf-archive.com

Genome Res.-2015-Karmin-gr.186684.114 95%

Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on March 16, 2015 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Research A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture Monika Karmin,1,2,67 Lauri Saag,1,3,67 Mário Vicente,4,67 Melissa A.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/05/03/genome-res-2015-karmin-gr-186684-114/

03/05/2015 www.pdf-archive.com

Appendix2 95%

Description Max score Total score Query cover E value Ident Accession Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14, complete genome 241 440 94% 5e60 89% CP000319.1 Pannonibacter phragmitetus strain 31801, complete genome 178 316 94% 5e41 80% CP013068.1 Ochrobactrum anthropi strain OAB chromosome 2, complete sequence 167 167 94% 8e38 79% CP008819.1 Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC 49188 chromosome 2, complete sequence 167 167 94% 8e38 79% CP000759.1 Brevundimonas sp. DS20, complete genome 163 409 95% 1e36 84% CP012897.1 Rhizobium etli bv. mimosae str. Mim1 plasmid pRetMIM1f, complete sequence 163 163 94% 1e36 79% CP005956.1 Rhizobium etli CFN 42 plasmid p42f, complete sequence 163 163 94% 1e36 79% CP000138.1 Aureimonas sp. AU22 DNA, ribosomal RNA operon, note: contig containing rrnC 161 161 94% 4e36 78% LC066387.1 Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5 plasmid pHCG3, complete sequence 161 161 94% 4e36 79% CP002827.1 Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM4 plasmid pHCG3B, complete sequence 161 161 94% 4e36 79% CP002822.1 Sphingobium japonicum UT26S DNA, chromosome 1, complete genome 159 159 94% 1e35 78% AP010803.1 Sphingobium baderi strain DE13, complete genome 156 199 90% 2e34 79% CP013264.1 Mesorhizobium australicum WSM2073, complete genome 156 156 92% 2e34 79% CP003358.1 Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 main chromosome, complete sequence 156 156 92% 2e34 79% HE616890.1 Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2, complete genome 152 152 94% 2e33 77% CP000781.1 Sinorhizobium meliloti GR4 plasmid pRmeGR4c, complete sequence 149 190 87% 2e32 79% CP003936.2 Sinorhizobium meliloti strain RMO17 plasmid pSymA, complete sequence 149 193 87% 2e32 79% CP009145.1 Sinorhizobium meliloti 2011 plasmid pSymA, complete sequence 149 193 87% 2e32 79% CP004138.1 Sinorhizobium fredii USDA 257 plasmid pUSDA257 fragment 1, complete sequence 149 149 90% 2e32 78% CP003564.1 Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 plasmid pSfHH103d partial sequence, fragment 3 149 149 90% 2e32 78% HE616896.1 Sinorhizobium meliloti SM11 plasmid pSmeSM11c, complete sequence 149 193 87% 2e32 79% CP001831.1 Sinorhizobium meliloti BL225C plasmid pSINMEB01, complete sequence 149 193 87% 2e32 79% CP002741.1 Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 plasmid pSymA, complete sequence 149 193 87% 2e32 79% AE006469.1 Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli str. IE4803 plasmid pRetIE4803d, complete sequence 145 145 94% 3e31 77% CP007645.1 Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm41 plasmid pSYMA complete sequence 145 190 87% 3e31 78% HE995407.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi 2/8 2/12/2016 NCBI Blast:HMF1AA_dt74b_5 sequences (IYWV7OX01CEBZW) WSM2304 plasmid pRLG201, complete sequence 145 145 86% 3e31 79% CP001192.1 Chelativorans sp. BNC1, complete genome 141 141 94% 3e30 76% CP000390.1 Rhizobium sp. IRBG74 plasmid IRBL74_p, complete sequence 140 267 94% 1e29 77% HG518324.1 Ensifer adhaerens OV14 plasmid pOV14c, complete sequence 138 138 83% 4e29 78% CP007238.1 Martelella endophytica strain YC6887, complete genome 136 136 94% 1e28 76% CP010803.1 Sinorhizobium meliloti AK83 chromosome 3, complete sequence 136 225 87% 1e28 77% CP002783.1 Rhizobium sp. LPU83 plasmid pLPU83c, complete sequence 134 134 94% 5e28 75% HG916854.1 Rhizobium etli CIAT 652, complete genome 131 131 94% 6e27 76% CP001074.1 Uncultured bacterium clone contig01379 genomic sequence 125 125 94% 3e25 74% KP422684.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58 plasmid At, complete sequence 125 125 94% 3e25 76% AE007872.2 Rhizobium etli bv. mimosae str. Mim1 plasmid pRetNIM1c, complete sequence 123 123 89% 9e25 75% CP005953.1 Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida strain 203, complete genome 122 122 94% 3e24 75% CP009429.1 Sinorhizobium fredii strain USDA257 type III effector NopBT (nopBT) gene, complete cds 122 122 66% 3e24 80% JX135415.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae chromosome complete genome, strain 3841 122 163 90% 3e24 75% AM236080.1 Beijerinckia indica subsp. indica ATCC 9039, complete genome 120 120 74% 1e23 77% CP001016.1 Sphingomonas sanxanigenens NX02, complete genome 116 116 94% 1e22 74% CP006644.1 Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAl 5 complete genome 116 218 93% 1e22 74% AM889285.1 Acidiphilium cryptum JF5 plasmid pACRY02, complete sequence 116 116 72% 1e22 78% CP000690.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii CB782 plasmid, complete sequence 114 114 91% 5e22 74% CP007068.1 Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 plasmid pAtK84b, complete sequence 114 114 94% 5e22 74% CP000630.1 Caulobacter sp. K31 plasmid pCAUL01, complete sequence 114 114 41% 5e22 90% CP000928.1 Sphingopyxis fribergensis strain Kp5.2 plasmid pSfKp5.2, complete sequence 113 113 93% 2e21 74% CP009123.1 Sphingomonas taxi strain ATCC 55669, complete genome 113 113 97% 2e21 73% CP009571.1 Gluconacetobacter xylinus E25, complete genome 111 211 93% 6e21 72% CP004360.1 Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum R602 plasmid pRgalR602c, complete sequence 109 109 85% 2e20 74% CP006880.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae plasmid pRL10 complete genome, strain 3841 109 109 90% 2e20 73% AM236084.1 Asticcacaulis excentricus CB 48 chromosome 2, complete sequence 107 107 93% 7e20 74% CP002396.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Ach5 plasmid pAt, complete sequence 105 105 97% 2e19 73% CP011248.1 Sphingomonas sp. WHSC8, complete genome 105 105 83% 2e19 74% CP010836.1 http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi 3/8 2/12/2016 NCBI Blast:HMF1AA_dt74b_5 sequences (IYWV7OX01CEBZW) Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4213 (Ach5) plasmid pAt, complete sequence 105 105 97% 2e19 73% CP007227.1 Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli str. IE4803, complete genome 104 175 85% 8e19 74% CP007641.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain F64/95 plasmid pAoF64/95, complete sequence 104 104 94% 8e19 73% JX683454.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM1325 plasmid pR132503, complete sequence 104 104 94% 8e19 72% CP001625.1 Agrobacterium vitis S4 chromosome 1, complete sequence 104 104 90% 8e19 73% CP000633.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58 plasmid Ti, complete sequence 100 100 94% 1e17 72% AE007871.2 Gluconacetobacter xylinus E25 plasmid pGX5, complete sequence 98.7 98.7 93% 4e17 72% CP004365.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Ach5 chromosome linear, complete sequence 95.1 95.1 94% 4e16 71% CP011247.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4213 (Ach5) linear chromosome 95.1 95.1 94% 4e16 71% CP007226.1 Agrobacterium sp. H133 linear chromosome, complete sequence 95.1 95.1 94% 4e16 71% CP002249.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58 linear chromosome, complete sequence 95.1 95.1 94% 4e16 71% AE007870.2 Sinorhizobium meliloti strain SM11 plasmid pSmeSM11b, complete sequence 95.1 95.1 94% 4e16 72% EF066650.1 Croceicoccus naphthovorans strain PQ2, complete genome 91.5 91.5 94% 5e15 71% CP011770.1 Rhizobium etli bv. mimosae str. IE4771 plasmid pRetIE4771a, complete sequence 91.5 91.5 94% 5e15 71% CP006987.1 Sphingomonas sp. MM1, complete genome 91.5 163 94% 5e15 71% CP004036.1 Gluconacetobacter xylinus NBRC 3288 plasmid pGXY010 DNA, complete sequence 91.5 91.5 90% 5e15 71% AP012160.1 Sphingopyxis fribergensis strain Kp5.2, complete genome 89.7 200 85% 2e14 75% CP009122.1 Gluconobacter oxydans H24, complete genome 86.0 172 92% 2e13 70% CP003926.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM1689, complete genome 82.4 82.4 94% 3e12 71% CP007045.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae plasmid pRL8 complete genome, strain 3841 82.4 82.4 94% 3e12 71% AM236082.1 Sphingobium sp. SYK6 DNA, complete genome 80.6 80.6 85% 1e11 71% AP012222.1 Phenylobacterium zucineum HLK1, complete genome 64.4 116 55% 7e07 83% CP000747.1 Caulobacter segnis ATCC 21756, complete genome 62.6 62.6 28% 3e06 84% CP002008.1 Caulobacter henricii strain CB4, complete genome 60.8 60.8 38% 9e06 78% CP013002.1 Sphingopyxis sp. 113P3, complete genome 57.2 57.2 35% 1e04 77% CP009452.1 Methylobacterium extorquens DM4 str.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/02/12/appendix2/

12/02/2016 www.pdf-archive.com

Poznik et al. 2016 93%

Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences G David Poznik1,2,25, Yali Xue3,25, Fernando L Mendez2, Thomas F Willems4,5, Andrea Massaia3, Melissa A Wilson Sayres6,7, Qasim Ayub3, Shane A McCarthy3, Apurva Narechania8, Seva Kashin9, Yuan Chen3, Ruby Banerjee3, Juan L Rodriguez-Flores10, Maria Cerezo3, Haojing Shao11, Melissa Gymrek5,12, Ankit Malhotra13, Sandra Louzada3, Rob Desalle8, Graham R S Ritchie3,14, Eliza Cerveira13, Tomas W Fitzgerald3, Erik Garrison3, Anthony Marcketta15, David Mittelman16,17, Mallory Romanovitch13, Chengsheng Zhang13, Xiangqun Zheng-Bradley14, Gonçalo R Abecasis18, Steven A McCarroll19, Paul Flicek14, Peter A Underhill2, Lachlan Coin11, Daniel R Zerbino14, Fengtang Yang3, Charles Lee13,20, Laura Clarke14, Adam Auton15, Yaniv Erlich5,21,22, Robert E Handsaker9,19, The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium23, Carlos D Bustamante2,24 &

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/04/26/poznik-et-al-2016/

26/04/2016 www.pdf-archive.com

15 Meiosis 93%

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Chromosome Number Organisms have a set number of chromosomes specific to that species Each body cell has a complete set of those chromosomes Diploid number Number of chromosomes in body cells of sexually reproducing organisms 2n =___ 2n = 46 2n = 48 2n = 1400 Haploid number  Number of chromosomes in sex cells, gametes, of sexually reproducing organisms ½ the diploid number of chromosomes n=__ Human egg:

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2011/09/13/15-meiosis/

13/09/2011 www.pdf-archive.com

19I14-IJAET0514318 v6 iss2 730to736 92%

Crossover involves splitting two chromosomes and then combining first part of a chromosome with the second part of the other chromosome.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2013/05/13/19i14-ijaet0514318-v6-iss2-730to736/

13/05/2013 www.pdf-archive.com

Genetic Algorithms 89%

It is important to note that the exact location of these alterations within the chromosome is totally random.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2020/04/20/genetic-algorithms/

20/04/2020 www.pdf-archive.com

21I15-IJAET0715613 v6 iss3 1205to1210 89%

Chromosome, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Mutation, Optimization, Path Planning.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2014/07/04/21i15-ijaet0715613-v6-iss3-1205to1210/

04/07/2014 www.pdf-archive.com

IJETR2192 89%

By one from two parent point crossover method, for a chromosome of length, l, a random number c between 1 and l is first generated.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2017/09/09/ijetr2192/

09/09/2017 www.pdf-archive.com

Larmuseau2011Copy 89%

Received 25 June 2010 Received in revised form 12 August 2010 Accepted 25 August 2010 One of the future issues in the forensic application of the haploid Y-chromosome (Y-chr) is surveying the distribution of the Y-chr variation on a micro-geographical scale.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2017/05/13/larmuseau2011copy/

13/05/2017 www.pdf-archive.com

5090 w11 qp 22 88%

2.1 (a) Name the chemical contained within a chromosome that is responsible for inheritance.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/06/09/5090-w11-qp-22/

09/06/2016 www.pdf-archive.com

Are-men-aware-of-their-condition-«-Cherryblossomlife-1 87%

Let’s look at the Y chromosome, because this is where the answer lies.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/02/24/are-men-aware-of-their-condition-cherryblossomlife-1/

24/02/2015 www.pdf-archive.com

genetic algorithms paper 87%

The algorithm begins with a random process for selecting the chromosome (i.e.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2011/09/08/genetic-algorithms-paper/

08/09/2011 www.pdf-archive.com

Bio Gk Gerold Stufe 11 Klausur 1 86%

• Chromosome durch Schraubung und Faltung verkürzt • jedes Chromosom ist in zwei identische Hälften (Chromatide) gespalten • Chromatide werden vom Centromer zusammengehalten • zwischen den Polen der Zelle entstehen Kernteilungsspindeln • Kernmembran und Nucleolus lösen sich auf Metaphase:

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2011/11/22/bio-gk-gerold-stufe-11-klausur-1/

22/11/2011 www.pdf-archive.com

emboj2009195a 85%

To surmount this problem, nearly all eukaryotes use the telomerase enzyme, a specialized reverse transcriptase that utilizes its own RNA template to add short TG-rich repeats to chromosome ends, thus reversing their gradual erosion occurring at each round of replication.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2014/10/22/emboj2009195a/

22/10/2014 www.pdf-archive.com

Hardware and software in Genetics 85%

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2018/01/17/hardware-and-software-in-genetics/

17/01/2018 www.pdf-archive.com

GENETIC AND BEHAVIOUR MODIFIED 85%

Another example is leukocyte which some of its properties coded by the genes located in a part of the chromosome no 6.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/12/29/genetic-and-behaviour-modified/

29/12/2016 www.pdf-archive.com

The Redhead 85%

Fair hair occurs in people with two copies of a recessive gene on chromosome 16 which causes a mutation on the MC1R protein.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/07/05/the-redhead/

05/07/2015 www.pdf-archive.com

rabbittstaug144 85%

We will continue to develop strategies for emulating chromosome translocations as initiating events and tagging the cells which acquire these changes in mouse models to enable them to be isolated and studied during progression from the initiating event through to overt disease.

https://www.pdf-archive.com/2018/02/15/rabbittstaug144/

15/02/2018 www.pdf-archive.com