Search
PDF Archive search engine
Last database update: 17 June at 11:24 - Around 76000 files indexed.
Results for «inductive»:
Total: 200 results - 0.019 seconds
CanIndifferenceVindicateInduction 100%
Fool Me Once: Can Indifference Vindicate Induction? Roger White (2015) sketches an ingenious new solution to the problem of induction. It argues on a priori grounds that the world is more likely to be inductionfriendly than inductionunfriendly. The argument relies primarily on the principle of indifference, and, somewhat surprisingly, assumes little else. If inductive methods could be vindicated in anything like this way, it would be quite a groundbreaking result. But there are grounds for pessimism about the envisaged approach. This paper shows that in the crucial test cases White concentrates on, the principle of indifference actually renders induction no more accurate than random guessing. It then diagnoses why the indifferencebased argument seems so intuitively compelling, despite being ultimately unsound. 1 An IndifferenceBased Strategy White begins by imagining that we are “apprentice demons” tasked with devising an inductionunfriendly world – a world where inductive methods tend to be unreliable. To simplify, we imagine that there is a single binary variable that we control (such as whether the sun rises over a series of consecutive days). So, in essence, the task is to construct a binary sequence such that – if the sequence were revealed one bit at a time – an inductive reasoner would fare poorly at predicting its future bits. This task, it turns out, is surprisingly difficult. To see this, it will be instructive to consider several possible strategies for constructing a sequence that would frustrate an ideal inductive predictor. Immediately, it is clear that we should avoid uniformly patterned sequences, such as: 00000000000000000000000000000000 or 01010101010101010101010101010101. 1 Sequences like these are quite kind to induction. Our inductive reasoner would quickly latch onto the obvious patterns these sequences exhibit. A more promising approach, it might seem, is to build an apparently patternless sequence: 00101010011111000011100010010100 But, importantly, while induction will not be particularly reliable at predicting the terms of this sequence, it will not be particularly unreliable here either. Induction would simply be silent about what a sequence like this contains. As White puts it, “ In order for... induction to be applied, our data must contain a salient regularity of a reasonable length” (p. 285). When no pattern whatsoever can be discerned, presumably, induction is silent. (We will assume that the inductive predictor is permitted to suspend judgment whenever she wishes.) The original aim was not to produce an inductionneutral sequence, but to produce a sequence that elicits errors from induction. So an entirely patternless sequence will not suffice. Instead, the inductionunfriendly sequence will have to be more devious, building up seeming patterns and then violating them. As a first pass, we can try this: 00000000000000000000000000000001 Of course, this precise sequence is relatively friendly to induction. While our inductive predictor will undoubtedly botch her prediction of the final bit, it is clear that she will be able to amass a long string of successes prior to that point. So, on balance, the above sequence is quite kind to induction – though not maximally so. In order to render induction unreliable, we will need to elicit more errors than correct predictions. We might try to achieve this as follows: 00001111000011110000111100001111 2 The idea here is to offer up just enough of a pattern to warrant an inductive prediction, before pulling the rug out – and then to repeat the same trick again and again. Of course, this precise sequence would not necessarily be the way to render induction unreliable: For, even if we did manage to elicit an error or two from our inductive predictor early on, it seems clear that she would eventually catch on to the exceptionless higherorder pattern governing the behavior of the sequence. The upshot of these observations is not that constructing an inductionunfriendly sequence is impossible. As White points out, constructing such a sequence should be possible, given any complete description of how exactly induction works (p. 287). Nonetheless, even if there are a few special sequences that can frustrate induction, it seems clear that such sequences are fairly few and far between. In contrast, it is obviously very easy to corroborate induction (i.e. to construct a sequence rendering it thoroughly reliable). So induction is relatively unfrustrateable. And it is worth noting that this property is fairly specific to induction. For example, consider an inferential method based on the gambler’s fallacy, which advises one to predict whichever outcome has occurred less often, overall. It would be quite easy to frustrate this method thoroughly (e.g. 00000000…). So far, we have identified a highly suggestive feature of induction. To put things roughly, it can seem that: * Over a large number of sequences, induction is thoroughly reliable. * Over a large number of sequences, induction is silent (and hence, neither reliable nor unreliable). * Over a very small number of sequences (i.e. those specifically designed to thwart induction), induction is unreliable (though, even in these cases, induction is still silent much of the time). 3 Viewed from this angle, it can seem reasonable to conclude that there are a priori grounds for confidence that an arbitrary sequence is not inductionunfriendly. After all, there seem to be far more inductionfriendly sequences than inductionunfriendly ones. If we assign equal probability to every possible sequence, then the probability that an arbitrary sequence will be inductionfriendly is going to be significantly higher than the probability that it will be inductionunfriendly. So a simple appeal to the principle of indifference seems to generate the happy verdict that induction can be expected to be more reliable than not, at least in the case of binary sequences. Moreover, as White points out, the general strategy is not limited to binary sequences. If we can show a priori that induction over a binary sequence is unlikely to be inductionunfriendly, then it’s plausible that a similar kind of argument can be used to show that we are justified in assuming that an arbitrary world is not inductionunfriendly. If true, this would serve to fully vindicate induction. 2 Given Indifference, Induction Is not Reliable However, there are grounds for pessimism about whether the strategy is successful even in the simple case of binary sequences. Suppose that, as a special promotion, a casino decided to offer Fair Roulette. The game involves betting $1 on a particular color – black or red – and then spinning a wheel, which is entirely half red and half black. If wrong, you lose your dollar; if right, you get your dollar back and gain another. If it were really true that induction can be expected to be more reliable than not over binary sequences, it would seem to follow that induction can serve as a winning strategy, over the long term, in Fair Roulette. After all, multiple spins of the wheel produce a binary sequence of reds and blacks. And all possible sequences are 4 equally probable. Of course, induction cannot be used to win at Fair Roulette – past occurrences of red, for example, are not evidence that the next spin is more likely to be red. This suggests that something is amiss. Indeed, it turns out that no inferential method – whether inductive or otherwise – can possibly be expected to be reliable at predicting unseen bits of a binary sequence, if the principle of indifference is assumed. This can be shown as follows. Let S be an unknown binary sequence of length n. S is to be revealed one bit at a time, starting with the first. S: ? ? ? ? ? ? … ? :S n bits Let f be an arbitrary predictive function that takes as input any initial subsequence of S and outputs a prediction for the next bit: ‘0’, ‘1’, or ‘suspend judgment’. A predictive function’s accuracy is measured as follows: +1 for each correct prediction; 1 for each incorrect prediction; 0 each time ‘suspend judgment’ occurs. (So the maximum accuracy of a function is n; the minimum score is –n.) Given a probability distribution over all possible sequences, the expected accuracy of a predictive function is the average of its possible scores weighted by their respective probabilities. Claim: If we assume indifference (i.e. if we assign equal probability to every possible sequence), then – no matter what S is – each of f’s predictions will be expected to contribute 0 to f’s accuracy. And, as a consequence of this, f has 0 expected accuracy more generally. Proof: For some initial subsequences, f will output ‘suspend judgment’. The contribution of such predictions will inevitably be 0. So we need consider only those cases where f makes a firm prediction (i.e. ‘0’ or ‘1’; not ‘suspend judgment’). Let K be a klength initial subsequence for which f makes a firm prediction about the bit in 5
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2017/02/19/canindifferencevindicateinduction/
19/02/2017 www.pdf-archive.com
FoolMeOnce 99%
If inductive methods could be vindicated in anything like this way, it would be quite a groundbreaking result.
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2017/02/19/foolmeonce/
19/02/2017 www.pdf-archive.com
NFMUSICHOF 2019 INDUCTION CRITERIA 93%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2019/03/04/nfmusichof-2019-induction-criteria/
04/03/2019 www.pdf-archive.com
induction 93%
Mathematical induction should not be misconstrued as a form of inductive reasoning, which is considered non-rigorous in mathematics.
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2011/07/28/induction/
28/07/2011 www.pdf-archive.com
ind1 93%
the inductive anchorage, 2. the inductive move.
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/11/08/ind1/
08/11/2015 www.pdf-archive.com
04 8Oct15 548 554-940-1-RV 91%
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ISSN:
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/09/25/04-8oct15-548-554-940-1-rv/
25/09/2016 www.pdf-archive.com
AES1998 89%
SCIENTIFIC CONVERSION, INC. Presented AES Convention, Sept.
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/06/19/aes1998/
19/06/2016 www.pdf-archive.com
Lab presentation 86%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2012/02/09/lab-presentation/
09/02/2012 www.pdf-archive.com
Cat Cross USA V1 86%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2017/08/05/cat-cross-usa-v1/
05/08/2017 www.pdf-archive.com
ASH2011 poster-final 85%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2011/12/07/ash2011-poster-final/
07/12/2011 www.pdf-archive.com
Switchgear and Protection 83%
In an inductive circuit current cannot change instantaneously.
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/03/25/switchgear-and-protection/
25/03/2015 www.pdf-archive.com
oddMonomialProof 80%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/08/07/oddmonomialproof/
07/08/2015 www.pdf-archive.com
Auto Bag Drop 80%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/07/30/auto-bag-drop/
30/07/2015 www.pdf-archive.com
HIOKI IM3590 ENG 79%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/12/25/hioki-im3590-eng/
25/12/2015 www.pdf-archive.com
Clemente Figuera Patent 1902 Num 30378 79%
PATENT CLEMENTE FIGUERA (1902) No.
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/06/16/clemente-figuera-patent-1902-num-30378/
16/06/2016 www.pdf-archive.com
kd 79%
Bosch Motronic ML4.1 (Kat.) Opel Omega A 2,0i Omega A/Carlton PDF создан версией pdfFactory Pro для ознакомления www.pdffactory.com Bosch Motronic ML4.1 (Kat.) A20 A24 B16 B21 B22 B34 B46 F10 H11 K39 M11 S24 T13 X11 X13 X14 X15 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y34 Y40 Tachometer Instrument cluster Inductive crankshaft position sensor Vehicle speed sensor Coolant temperature sensor Air flow meter with CO potentiometer O2-sensor with pre-heater Fuse ECU lamp System relay Fuel pump Idle/ full throttle switch Ignition coil Diagnostic connector Octane adjustment Ground connection Cable screen Injector 1 Injector 2 Injector 3 Injector 4 Canister purge valve Idling control valve PDF создан версией pdfFactory Pro для ознакомления www.pdffactory.com Troubleshooting-data Model:
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2013/07/12/kd/
12/07/2013 www.pdf-archive.com
HR Policies Completed 78%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2017/05/08/hr-policies-completed/
08/05/2017 www.pdf-archive.com
PR Calipers 2013 EN 77%
40 µm Workshop electronic calipers 10 µm Models with rounded measuring faces for internal dimensions Scale with incremental divisions, inductive 2,5 m / s RS232 mono- and bi-directional B Hardened stainless steel A 00530421 00530422 00530423 00530424 00530425 00530426 00530427 mm 0 ÷ 200 0 ÷ 250 0 ÷ 300 0 ÷ 500 0 ÷ 600 0 ÷ 800 0 ÷ 1000 in 0÷ 8 0 ÷ 10 0 ÷ 12 0 ÷ 20 0 ÷ 24 0 ÷ 32 0 ÷ 39 A mm 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 B mm 80 80 90 150 150 150 150 3V lithium battery, CR 2032 12,000 hours Standby mode after 10 min, instrument retains zero.
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2014/02/13/pr-calipers-2013-en/
13/02/2014 www.pdf-archive.com
SAPLES psp newsletter spread (3) 77%
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2016/03/24/saples-psp-newsletter-spread-3/
24/03/2016 www.pdf-archive.com
PR Calipers 2013 FR 77%
40 µm Pieds à coulisse électroniques d’atelier 10 µm Modèles à faces de mesure d’intérieur arrondies Règle à division incrémentale, inductive 2,5 m / s RS232, mono et bidirectionnelle B Acier inoxydable trempé A 00530421 00530422 00530423 00530424 00530425 00530426 00530427 mm 0 ÷ 200 0 ÷ 250 0 ÷ 300 0 ÷ 500 0 ÷ 600 0 ÷ 800 0 ÷ 1000 in 0÷ 8 0 ÷ 10 0 ÷ 12 0 ÷ 20 0 ÷ 24 0 ÷ 32 0 ÷ 39 A mm 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 B mm 80 80 90 150 150 150 150 Pile Lithium 3V, CR 2032 12’000 heures Mode veille après 10 min, l’instrument garde le zéro.
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2014/03/24/pr-calipers-2013-fr/
24/03/2014 www.pdf-archive.com
FETC FAME Hall of Fame March 12 76%
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 12, 2013 Contact:
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2013/03/12/fetc-fame-hall-of-fame-march-12/
12/03/2013 www.pdf-archive.com
TESA Training Catalogue 76%
FLATNESS MEASUREMENT 4 P16-1407 - INDUCTIVE PROBES 5 P16-1408 - ROUGHNESS &
https://www.pdf-archive.com/2014/02/17/tesa-training-catalogue/
17/02/2014 www.pdf-archive.com