WhitePaperChainX1 (PDF)

ChainX WhitepaperApril 9th 2017

ChainX
April 9 , 2017

A revolution in smart contracts, Decentralized Application Platform and consensus
network platform

Abstract
Since Bitcoin in 2009 has frequently been hailed as a radical improvement in cash and money,
being the main case of an advanced resource which at the same time has no sponsorship or
"intrinsic value" and no incorporated guarantor or controller. Be that as it may, another,
apparently more essential, some portion of the Bitcoin test is the hidden blockchain innovation
as a device of dispersed accord, and consideration is quickly beginning to move to this other
part of Bitcoin. Elective uses of blockchain innovation incorporate utilizing on-blockchain
advanced advantages for speak to custom monetary forms and budgetary instruments ("colored
coins") the responsibility for hidden physical gadget ( ("smart property") non-fungible resources,
for example, space names ("Namecoin"), and more unpredictable applications including having
computerized resources being straightforwardly controlled by a bit of code actualizing selfassertive principles (""smart contracts") or even blockchain-based ""decentralized autonomous
organizations"" (DAOs).
We exhibit an exceedingly adaptable blockchain engineering with an agreement system which
is additionally used to check the Chain .This makes the Chain exceptionally proficient, on the
grounds that it abstains from layering one agreement component on top of another. State
channels are incorporated to expand protection and adaptability. Tokens in channels can be
exchanged utilizing simply useful savvy gets that can get to prophet answers. By not putting
away contract code or state on-chain, we can make savvy contracts less demanding to dissect
and quicker to prepare, with no considerable misfortune in accepted usefulness.
Applications like markets for engineered resources and expectation markets can be productively
actualized at worldwide scale. A few parts have evidence of-idea executions in the blockchain
industry. Advancement apparatuses and application fundamentals, for example, a wallet,
naming what's more, personality framework will likewise be provided.

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ChainX WhitepaperApril 9th 2017

Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Bitcoin
a. Merkle Tree
b. Script
2. Introduction to ChainX
a. ChainX Smart Contracts
b. ChainX X-Bar
c. Decentralized Applications
d. ChainX Tokens
e. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
3. ChainX Network
4. Proof-of-Stake Model
a. PoS Network
b. Coin Age
c. Stacking Interest
5. Masternodes
a. Masternode Reward Program – Cost and Payments
b. Masternode Protocol
c. PrivateSend
d. Instant Transactions via InstantSend
6. Governance and Consensus Mechanism
a. Voting
b. Constitution
7. Conclusion

Introduction to Bitcoin

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The idea of decentralized advanced cash, and additionally elective applications like property registries,
has been around for quite a long time. The mysterious e-money conventions of the 1980s and the 1990s
were generally dependent on a cryptographic primitive known as Chaumian Blinding. Chaumian Blinding
gave these new monetary standards high degrees of security, yet their hidden conventions to a great
extent neglected to pick up footing in view of their dependence on a unified delegate. In 1998, Wei Dai's
b-money became the first proposal to introduce the idea of creating money through solving computational
puzzles as well as decentralized consensus, but the proposal was scant on details as to how
decentralized consensus could actually be implemented. In 2005, Hal Finney introduced a concept of
"reusable proofs of work", the idea of decentralized advanced cash, and additionally elective applications
like property registries, has been around for quite a long time. The mysterious e-money conventions of
the 1980s and the 1990s were generally dependent on a cryptographic primitive known as Chaumian
Blinding. Chaumian Blinding gave these new monetary standards high degrees of security, yet their
hidden conventions to a great extent neglected to pick up footing in view of their dependence on a unified
delegate.

From a technical standpoint, the ledger of a cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin can be thought of as a state
transition system, where there is a "state" consisting of the ownership status of all existing bitcoins and a
"state transition function" that takes a state and a transaction and outputs a new state which is the result.
In a standard banking system, for example, the state is a balance sheet, a transaction is a request to
move $X from A to B, and the state transition function reduces the value of A's account by $X and
increases the value of B's account by $X. If A's account has less than $X in the first place, the state
transition function returns an error. Hence, one can formally define :
APPLY(S,TX) -> S' or ERROR

In the banking system
APPLY({ Alice: $50, Bob: $50 },"send $20 from Alice to Bob") = { Alice: $30, Bob: $70 }

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MERKLE TREE

An imperative adaptability highlight of Bitcoin is that the piece is put away in a multi-level information
structure. The "hash" of a square is in reality just the hash of the square header, an about 200-byte bit of
information that contains the timestamp, nonce, past piece hash and the root hash of an information
structure called the Merkle tree putting away all exchanges in the piece. A Merkle tree is a sort of twofold
tree, made out of an arrangement of hubs with an expansive number of leaf hubs at the base of the tree
containing the fundamental information, an arrangement of middle of the road hubs where every hub is
the hash of its two youngsters, lastly a solitary root hub, additionally shaped from the hash of its two kids,
speaking to the "top" of the tree. The reason for the Merkle tree is to enable the information in a square to
be conveyed piecemeal: a hub can download just the header of a square from one source, the little piece
of the tree significant to them from another source, and still be guaranteed that the majority of the
information is right. The motivation behind why this works is that hashes spread upward: if a noxious
client endeavors to swap in a fake exchange into the base of a Merkle tree, this change will cause an
adjustment in the hub above, and after that an adjustment in the hub over that, at long last changing the
foundation of the tree and in this way the hash of the piece, making the convention enroll it as a totally
unique square (more likely than not with an invalid confirmation of work).
The Merkle tree convention is ostensibly fundamental to long haul manageability. A "full hub" in the
Bitcoin organize, one that stores and procedures the whole of each square, takes up around 15 GB of
plate space in the Bitcoin arrange as of April 2014, and is developing by finished a gigabyte for every
month. As of now, this is practical for some desktop PCs and not telephones, and later on later on just
organizations and specialists will have the capacity to partake. A convention known as "disentangled
installment confirmation" (SPV) takes into consideration another class of hubs to exist, called "light hubs",
which download the piece headers, check the verification of work on the square headers, and after that
download just the "branches" related with exchanges that are applicable to them. This enables light hubs
to decide with a solid certification of security what the status of any Bitcoin exchange, and their present
adjust, is while downloading just a little part of the whole blockchain.
●

Colored coins: The motivation behind hued coins is to fill in as a convention to enable
individuals to make their own particular computerized monetary standards or, in the critical trifling
instance of a money with one unit, advanced tokens, on the Bitcoin blockchain. In the shaded
coins convention, one "issues" another cash by openly relegating a shading to a particular Bitcoin
UTXO, and the convention recursively characterizes the shade of other UTXO to be the same as
the shade of the data sources that the exchange making them spent (some extraordinary tenets
apply on account of blended shading inputs). This enables clients to keep up wallets containing

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●

just UTXO of a particular shading and send them around much like normal bitcoins, backtracking
through the blockchain to decide the shade of any UTXO that they get.
Metacoins: The idea behind a metacoin is to have a protocol that lives on top of Bitcoin, using
Bitcoin transactions to store metacoin transactions but having a different state transition function,
APPLY'. Because the metacoin protocol cannot prevent invalid metacoin transactions from
appearing in the Bitcoin blockchain, a rule is added that if APPLY'(S,TX) returns an error, the
protocol defaults to APPLY'(S,TX) = S. This provides an easy mechanism for creating an
arbitrary cryptocurrency protocol, potentially with advanced features that cannot be implemented
inside of Bitcoin itself, but with a very low development cost since the complexities of mining and
networking are already handled by the Bitcoin protocol. Metacoins have been used to implement
some classes of financial contracts, name registration and decentralized exchange.

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SCRIPT
Indeed, even with no expansions, the Bitcoin convention really facilitates a frail adaptation of an idea of
"smart contracts". UTXO in Bitcoin can be claimed by an open key, as well as by a more convoluted script
communicated in a straightforward stack-based programming dialect. In this worldview, an exchange
spending that UTXO must give information that fulfills the script. Without a doubt, even the essential open
key proprietorship system is executed through a script: the script takes an elliptic bend signature as
information, checks it against the exchange and the address that possesses the UTXO, and returns 1 if
the confirmation is effective and 0 generally. Other, more confounded, scripts exist for different extra
utilize cases. For instance, one can build a script that requires marks from two out of a given three private
keys to approve ("multisig"), a setup helpful for corporate records, secure investment accounts and some
trader escrow circumstances. Scripts can likewise be utilized to pay bounties for answers for
computational issues, and one can even develop a script that says something like "this Bitcoin UTXO is
yours in the event that you can give a SPV confirmation that you sent a Dogecoin exchange of this
section to me", basically permitting decentralized cross-digital currency trade.

In any case, the scripting dialect as actualized in Bitcoin has a few imperative constraints:
●

●

Absence of Turing-fulfillment - that is to state, while there is a huge subset of calculation that
the Bitcoin scripting dialect bolsters, it doesn't almost bolster everything. The primary class that is
missing is circles. This is done to keep away from endless circles amid exchange confirmation;
hypothetically it is a surmountable obstruction for script software engineers, since any circle can
be mimicked by essentially rehashing the basic code ordinarily with an if articulation, however it
leads to scripts that are exceptionally space-wasteful. For instance, actualizing an option elliptic
bend signature calculation would likely require 256 rehashed augmentation adjusts all separately
incorporated into the code.
Esteem visual deficiency - there is no chance to get for an UTXO script to give fine-grained
control over the sum that can be pulled back. For instance, one intense utilize instance of a
prophet contract would be a supporting contract, where An and B put in $1000 worth of BTC and
following 30 days the script sends $1000 worth of BTC to An and the rest to B. This would require

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a prophet to decide the estimation of 1 BTC in USD, yet and still, at the end of the day it is a
gigantic change as far as trust and foundation prerequisite over the completely unified
arrangements that are accessible at this point. Notwithstanding, in light of the fact that UTXO are
win big or bust, the best way to accomplish this is through the exceptionally wasteful hack of
having numerous UTXO of differing categories (eg. one UTXO of 2k for each k up to 30) and
having O pick which UTXO to send to An and which to B.
● Absence of state - UTXO can either be spent or unspent; there is no open door for multi-arrange
contracts or scripts which keep some other inward state past that. This makes it difficult to make
multi-organize choices contracts, decentralized trade offers or two-arrange cryptographic duty
conventions (essential for secure computational bounties). It additionally implies that UTXO must
be utilized to assemble basic, one-off contracts and not more unpredictable "stateful" contracts,
for example, decentralized associations, and makes meta-conventions hard to actualize. Parallel
state consolidated with esteem visual deficiency additionally imply that another vital application,
withdrawal limits, is unimaginable.
● Blockchain-visual deficiency - UTXO are incognizant in regards to certain blockchain
information, for example, the nonce and past piece hash. This seriously restricts applications in
betting, and a few different classifications, by denying the scripting dialect of a conceivably
profitable wellspring of haphazardness.
In this manner, we see three ways to deal with building propelled applications on top of digital currency:
constructing another blockchain, utilizing scripting on top of Bitcoin, and building a meta-convention on
top of Bitcoin. Building another blockchain takes into consideration boundless opportunity in building a list
of capabilities, yet at the cost of improvement time, bootstrapping exertion and security. Utilizing scripting
is anything but difficult to actualize and institutionalize, yet is exceptionally constrained in its abilities, and
meta-conventions, while simple, experience the ill effects of deficiencies in versatility. With ChainX, we
mean to manufacture an option system that gives much bigger picks up in simplicity of advancement and
in addition considerably more grounded light customer properties, while in the meantime enabling
applications to share a financial domain and blockchain security.

Introduction to ChainX
ChainX is an alternative protocol for building decentralized applications enabled with privacy-centric
cryptographic technology. Decentralized applications built upon ChainX platform have the ability to very
efficiently interact with user technology ChainX does this by building what is basically a definitive unique
foundational layer: a blockchain with an inherent Turing-finish programming language, enabling anybody
to compose smart contracts and decentralized applications where they can make their own self-assertive
guidelines for proprietorship, exchange organizations and decentralized organizations.

ChainX Smart Contracts
Smart contracts are computer protocols intended to facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or
performance of a contract. Smart contracts were first proposed by Nick Szabo in 1994.

A smart contract is a computerized transaction protocol that executes the terms of a contract. The
general objectives are to satisfy common contractual conditions (such as payment terms, liens,
confidentiality, and even enforcement), minimize exceptions both malicious and accidental, and
minimize the need for trusted intermediaries. Related economic goals include lowering fraud loss,
arbitrations and enforcement costs, and other transaction costs.
ChainX Smart contracts is a transaction protocol which executes contracts in real time execution
using cryptographic hash chains . ChainX Smart contracts would be used to deploy smart contracts

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that would enable deployment of decentralized organizations , decentralized applications and side
chains, these organizations and chains would be fully anonymous with a self-governance model
which would be dependent on the developers and the community and would be governed by
consensus protocol .

ChainX X-Bar
In ChainX, the state is comprised of packets called "X-Bar", with each record having a 20-byte address
and state moves being immediate exchanges of significant worth and data between accounts. A ChainX
account contains four fields:
●
●
●
●

The uioq, a counter used to make sure each transaction can only be processed once
The account's current CHX balance
The account's contract code, if present
The account's storage (empty by default)

"CHX" is the main internal currency of ChainX, and is used to pay transaction fees. In general, there are
five types of accounts:
●
●
●

Externally Owned Accounts ( EOA ): Controlled by private keys. An externally owned account
has no code, and one can send messages from an externally owned account by creating and
signing a transaction
Controlled Private Keys (CPK): Controlled by their user private keys, the users have full access
to the owned account and can perform different transactions and send encrypted messages to
each other.
Contract Chain Accounts (CCA): Contract account is specifically for enabling smart contracts
which are made by developers for creating decentralized organizations or applications. Every
time the contract account receives a message its code activates, allowing it to read and write to
internal storage and send other messages or create contracts in turn.

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●
●

Controlled contract code (CCC) : Contract code is a protocol which is self-function and works
on parameters which are decided by the smart contract .
Sidechain Contract Account (SCA) : Sidechain contract enables deployment of smart contract
which enables developers to deploy currencies and tokens which are governed by proof-of-stake,
proof-of-work or hybrid proof-of-stake with masternodes for network privacy with coin mixing
enabled . Developers need to lock 20,000 CHX in the contract for perpetuity.

Decentralized Applications
In ChainX there are three sorts of utilizations on top of ChainX. The main classification is monetary
applications, giving clients all the more effective methods for overseeing and going into contracts utilizing
their cash. This incorporates sub-monetary standards, money related subsidiaries, supporting contracts,
funds wallets, wills, and at last even a few classes of full-scale business contracts. The second
classification is semi-budgetary applications, where cash is included however there is additionally a
substantial non-financial side to what is being done; a flawless case is self-upholding bounties for
answers for computational issues. At long last, there are applications, for example, web based voting and
decentralized administration, that are not money related by any means.

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