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J e n n i f e r Ma g u i r e H N1 2 1 O L O u r t e e t hc u t a n dg r i n df o o di n t os ma l l p i e c e s ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) A t t h es a met i me , S a l v i ai s r e l e a s e do u t o f t h r e e s a l i v a r yg l a n d s i nr e s p o n c et ot h et a s t e , s me l l , o r t h o u g h t o f f o o d . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) S a l i v ac o n t a i n s t h ee n z y meA my l a s ewh i c hb e g i n s t h eb r e a k d o wno f s t a r c h e s i n t os u g a r a n dt h eb a c t e r i a k i l l i n ge n z y mea n da n t i b o d i e s t h a t g a u r da g a i n s t i n f e c t i o n . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) F o o dmo l e c u l e s d e s o l v e di ns a l i v aa r ec a r r i e dt o t a s t eb u d s o nt h et o n g u et h a t i d e n t i f yt h et y p e a n dq u a l i t yo f t h ef o o d . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) F o o dl u b r i c a t e da n ds o f t e n e db ys a l v i ai s ma n i p u l a t e di n t oar o u n dma s s b yt h et o n g u e a n dp r e s s e db a c ka n dd o wni n t ot h ep h a r y n x . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) t h ep h a n y n x c o n n e c t s t h emo u t ha n dt h ee s o p h a g u s a n dv i at h el a y n x , n o s e , a n dmo u t ht ot h et r a c h e a , wh i c hc o n d u c t s a i r t ot h el u n g s . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) D u r i n gs wa l l o wi n g , t h ee p i g o t t i s b l o c k s o fft h e r e s p i r a t o r yp a s s a g e , a n dd i r e c t s f o o di n t ot h ee s o p h a g u s . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) C i r c u l a r mu s c l e s s u r r o u n d i n gt h ee s o p h a g u s c o n t r a c t s i n s e q u e n c e s a b o v et h ef o o d , s q u e e z i n gi t d o wni n t ot h e s t o ma c h . t h i s mu s c u l a r a c t i o ni s c a l l e dp e r i s t a l s i s . I t a l s o mo v e s t h ef o o dt h r o u g ht h es t a ma c ha n di n t e s t i n e s . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) A s f o o dr e a c h e s t h es t o ma c h( a ne x p a n d a b l emu s c u l a r s a c ka n dc a nh o l dt wo t h r e el i t e r s o f f o o d / l i q u i d ) , a n u mb e r o f t h i n g s h a p p e n s A ) f o o di s b r o k e na p a r t b yt h ec o n t r a d t i n ga n dt u r n i n g mo v e me n t o f t h emu s c u l a r wa l l s . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) B ) A t t h es a met i me , t h eh o r mo n eG a s t r i nwh i c hs t i mu l a t e s t h es e c r e t i o no f t h eh y d r o c l o r i c a c i da n dp e p s i n o g e nf r o m g l a n d s l i n n i n gt h ewa l l f ot h es t o ma c h . P e p s i n o g e n ( i n n a c t i v ef o r mo f t h ep r o t i e ne n z y mec a l l e dp e p s i n . ) ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) C ) P e p s i ni s s e c r e d e di nt h ei n n a c t i v ep e p s i n o g e nf o r mi n o r d e r f r o md i g e s t i n gt h ec e l l s t h a t p r o d u c ei t . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) D ) I t i s t h eh i g h l ya c i d i c c o n d i t i o n s i nt h es t o ma c ht h a t ’ s c r e a t e db yt h er e l e a s eo f h y d r o c l o r i c a c i dt h a t c o n v e r t s p e p s i n o g e ni n t op e p s i n . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) E ) O n c ep e p s i n o g e ni s c o n v e r t e di n t op e p s i n , i t b r e a k s d o wnp r o t i e n s d o wni n t os h o r t e r a mi n oa c i da n d c h a i n s c a l l e dp e p t i d e s . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) F ) S ot h a t t h es t o ma c hi t s e l f i s n o t d i g e s t e db yh y d r o c l o r i c a c i da n dp e p s i n , t h ec e l l s l i n i n gt h es t o ma c hp r o d u c ea v e r yt h i c kmu c u s t h a t c o a t s t h es t o ma c ht op r o t e c t . B e c a u s et h ep r t e c t i o ni s n op e r f e c t , t ec e l l s mu s t b e r e p l a c e de v e r yf e wd a y s d u et ot h ed a ma g e . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) G ) C h y meI s p r o d u c e dd u et ot h ec h e mi c a l a n dme c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s e s t h a t o c c u r ep r e v i o u s l y . T h i s i s at h i c kl i q u i dwh i c h c o n s i s t o f p a r t i a l l yd i g e s t e df o o da n dd i g e s t i v es e c r e t i o n wh i c hp a s s e s t h r o u g ht ot h es ma l l i n t e s t i n e . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) H ) P e n s t a l t i c wa v e s o c c u r r i n ga t a b o u t t we n t ys e c o n d s i n t e r v a l s p r o p e l l t h ec h y mei n t ot h es ma l l i n t e s t i n e . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) I ) P y l o r i c S p h i n c t e r I t ’ s a t t h eb a s eo f t h es t o ma c h , a n da l l o ws o n l yat e a s p o o no f c h y met op a s s t h r o u g ht ot h es ma l l i n t e s t i n ewi t he a c hwa v e . D e p e n d i n go nt h es i z eo f t h eme a l , i t c a nt a k et wot os i x h o u r s t oe mp t yt h es t o ma c h . S ma l l I n t e s t i n eI t ’ s ac o i l e dme t e dt u b ea b o u t s i x me t e r s l o n ga n d a b o u t t wot ov ec e n t i me t e r s i nd i a me t e r . D u o d e n u mT h i s i s wh a t t h er s t t we n t y -v eme t e r s o f t h es ma l l i n t e s t i n ei s c a l l e d . T woma j o r f u n c t i o n s o f s ma l l i n t e s t i n e : *B r e a k d o wnf o o dk i n t os ma l l mu l e c u l e s * T h e nt oa b s o r bt h e s emo l e c u l e s i n t ot h eb l o o ds t r e a ms . T h i s d i g e s t i o no f f o o di s a c c o mp l i s h e dwi t ht h eh e l po f d i g e s t i v e s u c c r e t i o no f t h r e es o u r c e s : L i v e r P a n c r e u s C e l l s o f t h es ma l l i n t e s t i n e L i v e r L a r g e t a n dmo s t v e r s i t i l eo r g a ni nt h eb o d y . I nd i g e s t i o n , i t p r i d u c e s b i l et h a t s t o r e da n dc o n c e n t r a t e di nt h eG a l l B l a d d e r a n dr e l e a s e di n t ot h ed u o d e n u mt h r o u g ht h eB i l eD u c t . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) a ) S t o r e a g eo f f a t s a n dc a r b s b ) R e g u l a t i o no f b l o o dd l u c o s el e v e l s c ) S y n t h e s i s o f b l o o dp r o t i e n s d ) S t o r a g eo f i r o na n dc e r t a i nv i t i mi n s e ) c o n v e r s i o no f a mmo n i at ou r e a d ) D e t o x ic a t i o no f h a r mf u l s u b s t a n c e s B i l eAc o mp l e x mi x t u r ec o mp s e do f b i l es a l t , wa t e r , o t h e r s a l t s , a n dc h o l e s t r a l . B i l es a l t s a r es y n n t h e s i z e di nt h el i v e r f r o m c h o l e s t o r a l a n da mi n oa c i d s . A l t h o u g ht h e ya s s i s t i nt h eb r e a k d o wn o f l i p i d s , b i l es a l r s a a r en o t e n z y me s . I n s t e a dt h e ya c t a s e mu l s i f y i n g a g e n t s s u r r o u n d i n gmi c r o s c o p e df a t p a r t i c l e s i nt h ec h y mea n d p r e v e n t i n gt h e mf r o mj o i n i n gf a t g l o b u l e s . I t ’ s i mp o r t a n t t ok e e pf a t p a r t i c l e s f r o mj o i n i n gi n t og l o b u l e s s ot h a t t h e yc a nb emo r ee a s i l y b r o k e ni n t os ma l l mo l e a c l e s b yl i p o s e s . L i p a s e s T h e s ea r el i p i dd i g e s t i n ge n z y me s p r o d u c e db yt h ep a n c r e a s . P a n c r e a s P r o d u c e s ad i g e s t i v es e c r e s i o nc a l l e dp a n c r e a t i c j u i c wh i c h ( l i k eB i l e ) i s r e a l e a s e di n t ot h ed u o d e n u m. P a n c r e a t i c J u i c eR o l e : t on e u t r a l i z et h ea c i d i c c h y me . I t a l s ob r e a k s d o wnc a r b o h y d r a t e s , l i p i d s a n dp r o t e i n d s A b o u t o n el i t t e r o f wa t e r , s o d i u mb i c a r d o n a t e , a n dd i g e s t i v e e n z y me s i s r e l e a s e de a c hd a y . T h e s ei n g r e d i e n t s ma k e s u p t h ep a n c r e a t i c j u i c e . S o d i u mB i c a r d o n a t e : N e u t r o l i z e s t h ea c i d i c c h y mea n dp r o d u c e s as l i g h t l yb a s i c p Hr e wu i r e df o r t h ep r o p e r f u n c i o n i n go f d i g e s t i v e e n z y me s i nt h ep a n c r e a t i c j u i c e . T h e r ea r ean u mb e r o f p a n c r e a t i c e n z y me s wh i c ha r ef o u n di n P a n c r e a t i c J u i c e : Mo s t o f t h en u t r i e n t s e n t e r t h eb l o o dt h r o u g ht h ec a p e l l a r i e s , b u t f a t s u b mi t s t a k eo nd i ff e r e n t r o u t e . A f t e r d i f u s i n gi n t ot h eE p i t h e l i a l C e l l s , F a t s u b n i t s a r er e s y n t h e s i z e di n t o f a t s , c o mb i n e s wi t ho t h e r s mo l e c u l e s , a n dt h e nr e l e a s e da s d r o p l e t s i n t o t h eI n t e r s t i t i a l F l u i d . T h e s ed r o p l e t s a r et o ol a r g et oe n t e r t h ec a p e l l a r i e s a n ds ot h e ye n t e r t h e L a c t e a l a n da r ee v e n t u a l l yd e l i v e r e di n t ot h eb l o o ds t r e a md h e nt h eL y mp h V e s s e l s e mp t yi n t ol a r g e r v e i n s . Wh e na b s o r b t i o ni nt h es ma l l i n t e s t i n ei s c o mp l e t e , c o o r d i n a t e dP e r i s t a l i c Wa v e s c o n d u v t t h er e ma i n i n gc h y mei n t ot h el a r g ei n t e s t i n e . L a r g eI n t e s t i n eA b o u t 1 . 5me t e r s a n d7 . 5c e n t i me t e r s i nd i a me t e r . f o r mo s t o f i t ’ s l e n g t ht h el a r g ei n t e s t i n ei s r e f e r r e dt oa s t h ec o l o n . H o we v e r , t h en a l 1 5c e n t i me t e r s i s r e f e r e dt oa s t h eR e c t u m. *A my l a s eAd i g i s t i v ee n z y met h a t b r e a k s d o wnc a r b o h y d r a t e s I n t ot h el a r g eI n t e s t i n eo wt h el e f t o v e r o f t h ed i g e s t i o nwh i c hi n c l u d e s : *L i p a s e s B r e a k s d o wnl i p i d s *P r o t e a s e s B r e a k s a p a r t p r o t e i n s a n dp e p i d e s * Wa t e r ( P r o t e a s ei n c l u d e s T r y p s i n , C h y mo t r y p s i n , a n dC a r b o x y p e p t i d a s e . ) *F a t a n dp r o t e i n s *I n d i g e s t a b l eb e r s ( s u c ha s t h ec e l l wa l l s o f v e g g i e s a n df r u i t s ) B o t hT r y p s i i na n dC h y mo t r y p s i nb r e a kp r o t e i n s a n dp o l y p e p t i d e s i n t o s h o r t e r p e p t i d ec h a i n s . T h e nC a r b o x y p e p t i d a s ec o mp l e t e s p r o t e i nd i g e s t i o nb ys e p e r a t i n g t h ei n d i v i d u a l a mi n oa c i d s f r o mt h ee n d s o f t h ep r p t i d ec h a i n s . L i k et h es t o ma c h , t h es ma l l i n t e s t i n ei s p r i t e c t e df r o md i g e s t i v e e n z y me s b yl a r g ea mo u n t s o f mu c u s . S p e c i a l i z e dc e l l s s t u d d i n gt h ewa l l o f t h es ma l l e n e s t i n ec o mp l e t et h e d i g e s t i v ep r o c e s s a n da b s o r b s t h es ma l l mo l e c u e l s t h a t r e s u l t . T h e s ec e l l s h a v ev a r i o u s e n z y me s o nt h e i r e n t e r n a l me mb r a n e s : P r o t e a s e s : c o mp l e t et h eb r e a k d o wno f p e p t i d e s i n t oa mi n oa c i d s , s u c r a s e , l a c t o s e , a n dma l t a s e . T h e s eb r e a kd i s a c c h a r i d e s d o wni n t o mo n o s a c c h a r i d e s , a n dl i p a s e s wh i c hf u r t h e r d i g e s t l i p i d s . V i l l i : T i n yn g e r l i k es t r u c t u r e s p r o j e c t i n wa r d s f r o mt h el i n i n go f t h es ma l l i n t e s t i n e . T h e i r f u n c t i o ni s t oi n c r e a s et h ea b s o r b t i o no f n u t r i e n t s mo l e c u l e s f r o mt h eb l o o dp a s s i n gt h r o u g ht h es ma l l i n t e s t i n e . t h e ymo v eb a c ka n df o r t ha n dg i v ev e l v e t yf e e l t ot h e s ma l l i n t e s t i n e . Mi c r o v i l l i : A l s oa s s i s t i nt h ea b s o r b t i o no f n u t r i e n t s . T h e ya r ea l s o mi c r o s c o p i c p r o j e c t i o n s . T a k e nt o g e t h e r V i l l i a n dMi c r o v i l l i n u t r e n t c o n t a c t i s i n c r e a s e db yt h e r h y t h mi c u n s y n c h r o i z dmu s c u l a r c o n t r a c t i o n s o f t h ewa l l o f t h es ma l l i n t e s t i n ewh i c hs l o wl ys l o s ht h ec h y meb a c ka n df o r t hwi t hv i l l i a n d mi c r ov i l l i l i n i n gt h es ma l l i n t e s t i n e . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) S ma l l I n t e s t i n ea s o r b s t h e s en u t r i e n t s : Wa t e r o b s o r b e db yo s mo s i s Mo n o s a c c h a r i d e s A mi n oa c i d s S h o r t P e p t i d e s F a t t ya c i d s V i t a mi n s a n dmi n e r a l s I nmo s t c a s e s , t h ee n e r g yi s e x p a n d e dt ot r a n s p o r t n u t r i e n t s i n t ot h e I n t e s t i n a l c e l l s . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) F r o mt h ei n t e s t i a n l c e l l s , t h en u t r i e n t s d i f u s et h eI n t e r s t i t i a l F l u i d wh e r et h e yt h e ne n t e r t h eb l o o ds t r e a mv i at h ec a p i l l a r i e s . E a c hV i l l u s o f t h es ma l l i n t e s t i n ei s p r o v i d e db yar i c hs u p p l yo f b l o o dc a p i l l a r i e s a n das i n g l el y mp hc a p i l l a r yc a l l e daL a c t e a l t oc a r r yo fft h ea b s o r b e dn u t r i e n t s a n dt od i s t r i b u t et h e m t h r o u g h o u t t h eb o d y . T h eL a r g ei n t e s t i n ec o n t a i n s au r a s h i n gp o p u l a t i o no f b a c t e r i at h a t l i v eo n u n a b s o r v e dn u t r i e n t s . B a c t e r i ae a r nt h i e r k e e pb ys y n t h e s i z i n gV i t a mi nB 1 2 , T h i a mi n , R i b oa v i n , V i t a mi nKwh i c hwo u l db ed ec i e n t i nan o r ma l d i e t . T h ec e l l s l i n i n gt h el a r g ei n t e s t i n ea b s o r b s t h e s e V i t a mi n s a s we l l a s l e f t o v e r wa t e r a n ds a l t s . O n c et h ea b s o r b t i o ni s c o mp l e t e , t h er e s u l t s i s s e mi s o l i df e s e s c o n s i t i n go f i n d i g e s t i b l ewa s t e s a n db o d i e s o f b a c t e r i awh i c ha c c o u n t f o r h a l f o f t h ed r o p o f we i g h t o f f e s e s . T h ef e s e s a r et r a n s p o r t e db yP e r i s t a l t i c mo v e me n t s u n t e l yt h e yr e a c ht h eR e c t u m. T h ee x p a n s i o no f t h er e c t u ms t i mu l a t e s t h ed e s i r et od ec a t e . ( Me c h n i c a l P r o c e s s ) T h ea r et wor e c t a l s p h i n c t e r s a t t h ee n d : o n et h a t o p e n s i n v o l u n t a r i l yu n d e r r e c t a l s t i mu l a t i o n . a n o t h e r t h a t s t i mu l a t e dv o l u n t a r i l yc o n t r o l . K i d n e y s t h e ya r ep a i r e dk e d n e yb e a ns h a p e do r g a n s l o c a t e do ne i t h e r s i d eo f t h e s p i n a l c o l l u mn , e x t e n d i n gj u s t a b o v et h ewa s t e . Wh e nb l o o di s c a r r y i n gwa s t ee n t e r s e a c hk i d n e yt h r o u g hr e n a l a r t e r ya f t e r i t h a s b e e nl t e r e db l o o de x i t t h r o u g ht h eR e n a l V e i n . ( C h e mi c a l P r o c e s s ) U r i n eAmi x t u r eo f wa t e r , d e s s o l v e dt o x i n s a n ds o mee x c e s s n u t r i e n t s l e a v e s e a c h k i d n e yt h r o u g han a r r o wmu s c u l a r t u b ec a l l e dU r e t e r . ( Me c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s ) T h ec o n t r a c t i o n s d r i v et h eu r i n et h r o u g ht h eu r e t e r a n di n t ot h eb l a d d e r . U r i n ei s r e t a i n e di nt h eb l a d d e r b yt wos p h y n c t e r mu s c l e s j u s t a b o v et h eu r e t h r a . Wh e nt h eb l a d d e r b e c o me s b l o a d e d , r e s e p t o r s i nt h ewa l l t r i g g e r r ee x i c ec o n t r a c t i o n s . t h es p h y n c t o r n e a r e s t t ot h eb l a d d e r ( t h ei n t e r n a l s p h y n c t o r ) i s o p e nd u r i n gt h e s e c o n t r a d i o n s . H o we v e r t h el o we r e x t e r n a l s p h y n c t e r i s u n d e r v o l u n t a r yc o n t r o l . t h er ee x c a nb es u p p r e s s e db yt h eb r a i n . T h eu r i n ec o mp l e t e s i t ’ s j o u r n yb yp a s s i n gan a r r o wt u b ec a l l e dt h eU r e t h r a .

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